2025-02-06

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## 测试数据
```sql
/*stu测试数据*/
create table stu
(
stuNo char(6) primary key,
stuName varchar(10) not null,
stuSex char(2) not null,
stuAge tinyint not null ,
stuSeat tinyint not null,
stuAddress varchar(10) not null,
ch tinyint,
math tinyint
);
insert into stu values ('s25301','张秋丽','',18,1,'北京',80,null);
insert into stu values ('s25302','李文才','',31,3,'上海',77,76);
insert into stu values ('s25303','李斯文','',22,2,'北京',55,82);
insert into stu values ('s25304','欧阳俊雄','',28,4,'天津',null,74);
insert into stu values ('s25305','诸葛丽丽','',23,7,'河南',72,56);
insert into stu values ('s25318','争青小子','',26,6,'天津',86,92);
insert into stu values ('s25319','梅超风','',23,5,'河北',74,67);
insert into stu values ('s25320','Tom','',24,8,'北京',65,67);
insert into stu values ('s25321','Tabm','',23,9,'河北',88,77);
/*stuinfo测试数据*/
create table stuinfo
(
stuNo char(6) primary key,
stuName varchar(10) not null,
stuSex char(2) not null,
stuAge tinyint not null ,
stuSeat tinyint not null,
stuAddress varchar(10) not null
);
insert into stuinfo values ('s25301','张秋丽','',18,1,'北京');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25302','李文才','',31,3,'上海');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25303','李斯文','',22,2,'北京');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25304','欧阳俊雄','',28,4,'天津');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25305','诸葛丽丽','',23,7,'河南');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25318','争青小子','',26,6,'天津');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25319','梅超风','',23,5,'河北');
/*stuMarks测试数据*/
create table stuMarks
(
examNo char(7) primary key,
stuNo char(6) not null ,
writtenExam int,
labExam int
);
insert into stumarks values ('s271811','s25303',80,58);
insert into stumarks values ('s271813','s25302',50,90);
insert into stumarks values ('s271815','s25304',65,50);
insert into stumarks values ('s271816','s25301',77,82);
insert into stumarks values ('s271819','s25318',56,48);
insert into stumarks values ('s271820','s25320',66,77);
```
## 1.1 今日目标
1. 理解实体之间的关系
2. 理解绘制E-R图
3. 理解三范式
4. 理解范式和性能的关系
5. 能够查询表中的数据
6. 理解聚合函数
7. 理解模糊查询
8. 理解分组查询
## 1.2 数据库基本概念
1、关系:两个表的公共字段
2、行:也称记录,也称实体
3、列:也称字段,也称属性
```
就表结构而言,表分为行和列;
就表数据而言,分为记录和字段;
就面向对象而言,一个记录就是一个实体,一个字段就是一个属性。
```
4、数据冗余:相同的数据存储在不同的地方
```
脚下留心:
1、冗余只能减少,不能杜绝。
2、减少冗余的方法是分表
3、为减少数据查找的麻烦,允许数据有一定的冗余
```
5、数据完整性:正确性+准确性=数据完整性
```
正确性:数据类型正确
准确性:数据范围要准确
```
思考:学生的年龄是整型,输入1000岁,正确性和准确性如何?
答:正确的,但不准确
思考:年龄是整形的,收入了字符串,正确性和准确性如何?
答:不正确
## 1.3 实体和实体之间的关系
1、一对一
2、一对多 (多对一)
3、多对多 ![1536975724695](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536975724695.png!compress!compress)
#### 1.3.1 一对多 1N
1、主表中的一条记录对应从表中的多条记录。
2、一对多和多对一是一样的
![1536976096582](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536976096582.png!compress!compress)
如何实现一对多?
答:主键和非主键建关系
问题:说出几个一对多的关系?
答:班级表和学生表、 班主表和学生表
#### 1.3.2 一对一(1:1
1、主表中的一条记录对应从表中的一条记录
![1536976513236](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536976513236.png!compress!compress)
如何实现一对一?
主键和主键建关系就能实现一对一。
```
思考:一对一两个表完全可以用一个表实现,为什么还要分成两个表?
答:在字段数量很多情况下,数据量也就很大,每次查询都需要检索大量数据,这样效率低下。我们可以将所有字段分成两个部分,“常用字段”和“不常用字段”,这样对大部分查询者来说效率提高了。【表的垂直分割】
```
#### 1.3.3 多对多(NM
主表中的一条记录对应从表中的多条记录,从表中的一条记录对应主表中的多条记录
班级和讲师的关系
![1536977577667](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536977577667.png!compress!compress)
如何实现多对多?
答:建立第三张表来保存关系。
问题:说出几个多对多的关系?
1、科目表和学生表的关系 2、商品表和订单表 3、游戏目录表和玩家表
## 1.4 数据库设计的步骤
![1536977906540](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536977906540.png!compress!compress)
#### 1.4.1 数据库设计具体步骤
1、 收集信息:与该系统有关人员进行交流、坐谈,充分理解数据库需要完成的任务
2、 标识对象(实体-Entity)标识数据库要管理的关键对象或实体
3、 标识每个实体的属性(Attribute)
4、 标识对象之间的关系(Relationship
5、 将模型转换成数据库
6、 规范化
#### 1.4.2 绘制E-R图
E-REntityRelationship)实体关系图
E-R图的语法
![1536978470142](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536978470142.png!compress!compress)
绘制E-R图
![1536978565499](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536978565499.png!compress!compress)
#### 1.4.3 将E-R图转成表
1、 实体转成表,属性转成字段
2、 如果没有合适的字段做主键,给表添加一个自动增长列做主键。
#### 1.4.4 例题
1、项目需求
```
BBS论坛的基本功能:
用户注册和登录,后台数据库需要存放用户的注册信息和在线状态信息;
用户发贴,后台数据库需要存放贴子相关信息,如贴子内容、标题等;
用户可以对发帖进行回复;
论坛版块管理:后台数据库需要存放各个版块信息,如版主、版块名称、贴子数等;
```
2、标识对象
```
参与的对象有:用户、发的帖子、跟帖、板块
```
3、标识对象的属性
![1536978271446](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536978271446.png!compress!compress)
4、建立关系,绘制E-R图
![1536978734804](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536978734804.png!compress!compress)
5、将E-R图转出表结构
## 1.5 数据规范化
Codd博士定义了6个范式来规范化数据库,范式由小到大来约束,范式越高冗余越小,但表的个数也越多。实验证明,三范式是性价比最高的。
#### 1.5.1 第一范式:确保每列原子性
第一范式确保每个字段不可再分
![1536979522448](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536979522448.png!compress!compress)
思考:如下表设计是否合理?
![1536979672041](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536979672041.png!compress!compress)
不合理。不满足第一范式,上课时间可以再分
![1536979718323](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536979718323.png!compress!compress)
思考:地址包含省、市、县、地区是否需要拆分?
答:如果仅仅起地址的作用,不需要统计,可以不拆分;如果有按地区统计的功能需要拆分。
在实际项目中,建议拆分。
#### 1.5.2 第二范式:非键字段必须依赖于键字段
一个表只能描述一件事
![1536980482113](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536980482113.png!compress!compress)
思考:如下表设计是否合理?
![1536980574792](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536980574792.png!compress)
#### 1.5.3 第三范式:消除传递依赖
在所有的非键字段中,不能有传递依赖
![1536981861980](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536981861980.png!compress!compress)
下列设计是否满足第三范式?
![1536982061259](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536982061259.png!compress!compress)
不满足,因为语文和数学确定了,总分就确定了。
```
多学一招:上面的设计不满足第三范式,但是高考分数表就是这样设计的,为什么?
答:高考分数峰值访问量非常大,这时候就是性能更重要。当性能和规范化冲突的时候,我们首选性能。这就是“反三范式”。
```
#### 1.5.4 数据库设计的例题
1、需求
```
公司承担多个工程项目,每一项工程有:工程号、工程名称、施工人员等
公司有多名职工,每一名职工有:职工号、姓名、性别、职务(工程师、技术员)等
公司按照工时和小时工资率支付工资,小时工资率由职工的职务决定(例如,技术员的小时工资率与工程师不同)
```
2、工资表
![1536982976983](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536982976983.png!compress!compress)
3、将工资表转成数据库表
![1536983011535](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536983011535.png!compress!compress)
4、这个表存在的问题
```
A:新人入职需要虚拟一个项目
B:职务更改,小时工资率可能会忘记更改,造成数据不完整
C:有人离职,删除记录后,工程也没有了
```
5、规范化表
```
第一步:这个表满足第一范式
第二步:这个表不是描述了一件事情
```
![1536983332419](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536983332419.png!compress!compress)
```
第三步:是否满足第三范式
```
![1536983422611](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536983422611.png!compress!compress)
更改如下:
![1536983406042](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536983406042.png!compress!compress)
## 1.6 查询语句
```sql
select [] [from ] [where ] [group by ] [order by ][having ] [limit ]
```
#### 1.6.1 字段表达式
```sql
mysql> select '锄禾日当午';
+------------+
| |
+------------+
| |
+------------+
mysql> select 10*10;
+-------+
| 10*10 |
+-------+
| 100 |
+-------+
```
通过as给字段取别名
```sql
mysql> select '锄禾日当午' as content;
+------------+
| content |
+------------+
| |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 10*10 as result;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 100 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```
多学一招:as可以省略
```sql
mysql> select 10*10 result;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 100 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```
#### 1.6.2 from子句
from:来自,from后面跟的是数据源。数据源可以有多个。返回笛卡尔积。
插入测试表
```sql
mysql> create table t1(
-> id int,
-> name varchar(10)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> create table t2(
-> field1 varchar(10),
-> field2 varchar(10)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values (1,'tom'),(2,'berry');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into t2 values ('333','333'),('444','444');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
```
测试多个数据源
```sql
mysql> select * from t1,t2; #
+------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | field1 | field2 |
+------+-------+--------+--------+
| 1 | tom | 333 | 333 |
| 2 | berry | 333 | 333 |
| 1 | tom | 444 | 444 |
| 2 | berry | 444 | 444 |
+------+-------+--------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
#### 1.6.3 dual表
dual表是一个伪表。在有些特定情况下,没有具体的表的参与,但是为了保证select语句的完整又必须要一个表名,这时候就使用伪表。
```sql
mysql> select 10*10 as result from dual; #dual表是用来保证select语句的完整性
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 100 |
+--------+
```
#### 1.6.4 where子句
where后面跟的是条件,在数据源中进行筛选。返回条件为真记录
MySQL支持的运算符
1. `>` 大于
2. `<`小于
3. `>=`
4. `<=`
5. `=`
6. `!=`
7. and 与
8. or 或
9. not 非
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stusex=''; #
mysql> select * from stu where stuage>=20; # 20
```
思考:如下代码输出什么
```sql
select * from stu where 1 #
select * from stu where 0 #
```
思考:如何查找北京和上海的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress='上海' or stuaddress='北京';
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 |
| s25303 | | | 22 | 2 | | 55 | 82 |
| s25320 | Tom | | 24 | 8 | | 65 | 67 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
```
#### 1.6.5 in | not in
上面的查询上海和北京的学生的SQL可以通过in语句来实现
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress in ('北京','上海');
```
练习:
1、查找学号是s25301,s25302,s25303的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuno in ('s25301','s25302','s25303');
```
2、查找年龄是18,19,20的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuage in(18,19,20);
```
3、查找不是北京和上海的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress not in ('北京','上海');
```
#### 1.6.6 between…and|not between…and
查找某个范围的记录
1、查找年龄在18~20之间的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuage>=18 and stuage<=20; #
mysql> select * from stu where stuage between 18 and 20; #
```
2、查找年龄不在18~20之间的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stuage<18 or stuage>20; #
mysql> select * from stu where not (stuage>=18 and stuage<=20);
mysql> select * from stu where stuage not between 18 and 20;
```
#### 1.6.7 is null | is not null
脚下留心:查询一个为空的字段不能用等于,必须用is null
查找缺考的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where ch is null or math is null; #
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25304 | | | 28 | 4 | | NULL | 74 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
```
查找参加考试的学生
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where ch is not null and math is not null;
```
#### 1.6.8 聚合函数
1. sum() 求和
2. avg() 求平均值
3. max() 求最大值
4. min() 求最小值
5. count() 求记录数
```sql
#
mysql> select sum(ch) '语文总分',avg(ch) '语文平均分', max(ch) '语文最高分',min(ch) '语文最低分',count(*) '总人数' from stu;
+----------+------------+------------+------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------+------------+------------+------------+--------+
| 597 | 74.6250 | 88 | 55 | 9 |
+----------+------------+------------+------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```
#### 1.6.9 通配符
1. _ [下划线] 表示任意一个字符
2. % 表示任意字符
练习
1、满足“T_m”的有(A、C
ATom BToom CTam DTm ETmo
2、满足“T_m_”的有(B、C )
A:Tmom B:Tmmm C:T1m2 D:Tmm E:Tm
3、满足“张%”的是(A、B、C、D)
A:张三 B:张三丰 C:张牙舞爪 D:张 E:小张
4、满足“%诺基亚%”的是(A、B、C、D)
A:诺基亚2100 B:2100诺基亚 C:把我的诺基亚拿过来 D:诺基亚
#### 16.10 模糊查询(like
```sql
#
mysql> select * from stu where stuname like '张%';
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#
mysql> select * from stu where stuname like 'T_m';
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25320 | Tom | | 24 | 8 | | 65 | 67 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```
#### 1.6.11 order by排序
asc:升序【默认】
desc:降序
```sql
mysql> select * from stu order by ch desc; #
mysql> select * from stu order by math asc; #
mysql> select * from stu order by math; #
```
多列排序
```sql
#,
mysql> select *,(ch+math) as '总分' from stu order by stuage asc,(ch+math) desc;
```
思考如下代码表示什么含义
```sql
select * from stu order by stuage desc,ch desc; #
select * from stu order by stuage desc,ch asc; #
select * from stu order by stuage,ch desc; #
select * from stu order by stuage,ch; #
```
#### 1.6.12 group by 【分组查询】
将查询的结果分组,分组查询目的在于统计数据。
```sql
#
mysql> select avg(stuage) as '年龄',stusex from stu group by stusex;
+---------+--------+
| | stusex |
+---------+--------+
| 22.7500 | |
| 25.4000 | |
+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#
mysql> select avg(stuage) as '年龄',stuaddress from stu group by stuaddress;
+---------+------------+
| | stuaddress |
+---------+------------+
| 31.0000 | |
| 21.3333 | |
| 27.0000 | |
| 23.0000 | |
| 23.0000 | |
+---------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1
2
```
![1536999666442](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536999666442.png!compress!compress)
通过group_concat()函数将同一组的值连接起来显示
```sql
mysql> select group_concat(stuname),stusex from stu group by stusex;
+-------------------------------------+--------+
| group_concat(stuname) | stusex |
+-------------------------------------+--------+
| ,,,Tabm | |
| ,,,,Tom | |
+-------------------------------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1
2使desc实现分组后的降序
```
![1536999889281](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536999889281.png!compress!compress)
![1536999987356](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1536999987356.png!compress!compress)
多列分组
```sql
mysql> select stuaddress,stusex,avg(stuage) from stu group by stuaddress,stusex;
+------------+--------+-------------+
| stuaddress | stusex | avg(stuage) |
+------------+--------+-------------+
| | | 31.0000 |
| | | 22.0000 |
| | | 21.0000 |
| | | 27.0000 |
| | | 23.0000 |
| | | 23.0000 |
+------------+--------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
#### 1.6.13 having条件
```
思考:数据库中的表是一个二维表,返回的结果是一张二维表,既然能在数据库的二维表中进行查询,能否在结果集的二维表上继续进行查询?
答:可以,having条件就是在结果集上继续进行筛选。
```
例题
```sql
mysql> select * from stu where stusex=''; #
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 |
| s25304 | | | 28 | 4 | | NULL | 74 |
| s25318 | | | 26 | 6 | | 86 | 92 |
| s25320 | Tom | | 24 | 8 | | 65 | 67 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu having stusex=''; #
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 |
| s25304 | | | 28 | 4 | | NULL | 74 |
| s25318 | | | 26 | 6 | | 86 | 92 |
| s25320 | Tom | | 24 | 8 | | 65 | 67 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
思考如下语句是否正确 ![1537001246956](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1537001246956.png!compress!compress)
![1537001432304](https://yp.smallkun.cn/markdown/1537001432304.png!compress!compress)
having和where的区别:
where是对原始数据进行筛选,having是对记录集进行筛选。
#### 1.6.14 limit
语法:limit 起始位置,显示长度
```sql
mysql> select * from stu limit 0,2; # 0
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu limit 2,2; # 2
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25303 | | | 22 | 2 | | 55 | 82 |
| s25304 | | | 28 | 4 | | NULL | 74 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
```
起始位置可以省略,默认是从0开始
```sql
mysql> select * from stu limit 2;
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | | | 18 | 1 | | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
例题:找出班级总分前三名
```sql
mysql> select *,(ch+math) total from stu order by total desc limit 0,3;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math | total |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
| s25318 | | | 26 | 6 | | 86 | 92 | 178 |
| s25321 | Tabm | | 23 | 9 | | 88 | 77 | 165 |
| s25302 | | | 31 | 3 | | 77 | 76 | 153 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
```
多学一招:limit在update和delete语句中也是可以使用的。
#### 1.6.15 查询语句中的选项
查询语句中的选项有两个:
1、 all:显示所有数据 【默认】
2、 distinct:去除结果集中重复的数据
```sql
mysql> select distinct stuaddress from stu;
+------------+
| stuaddress |
+------------+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
```
## 1.7 union(联合)
插入测试数据
```sql
mysql> create table GO1(
-> id int primary key,
-> name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> insert into Go1 values (1,'李白'),(2,'张秋丽');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
```
#### 1.7.1 union的使用
作用:将多个select语句结果集纵向联合起来
```sql
select union [] select union [] select
mysql> select stuno,stuname from stu union select id,name from Go1;
+--------+----------+
| stuno | stuname |
+--------+----------+
| s25301 | |
| s25302 | |
| s25303 | |
| s25304 | |
| s25305 | |
| s25318 | |
| s25319 | |
| s25320 | Tom |
| s25321 | Tabm |
| 1 | |
| 2 | |
+--------+----------+
```
例题:查询上海的男生和北京的女生
```sql
mysql> select stuname,stuaddress,stusex from stu where (stuaddress='上海' and stusex='') or (stuaddress='北京' and stusex='');
+---------+------------+--------+
| stuname | stuaddress | stusex |
+---------+------------+--------+
| | | |
| | | |
+---------+------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select stuname,stuaddress,stusex from stu where stuaddress='上海' and stusex='' union select stuname,stuaddress,stusex from stu where stuaddress='北京' and stusex='';
+---------+------------+--------+
| stuname | stuaddress | stusex |
+---------+------------+--------+
| | | |
| | | |
+---------+------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
```
#### 1.7.2 union的选项
union的选项有两个
1、 all:显示所有数据
2、 distinct:去除重复的数据【默认】
```sql
mysql> select name from go1 union select stuname from stu;
+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Tom |
| Tabm |
+----------+
```
默认是去重复的
```sql
mysql> select name from go1 union all select stuname from stu; # all不去重复记录
+----------+
| name |
+----------+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Tom |
| Tabm |
+----------+
```
#### 1.7.3 union的注意事项
1、 union两边的select语句的字段个数必须一致
2、 union两边的select语句的字段名可以不一致,最终按第一个select语句的字段名。
3、 union两边的select语句中的数据类型可以不一致。
File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
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@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
/*stu测试数据*/
create table stu
(
stuNo char(6) primary key,
stuName varchar(10) not null,
stuSex char(2) not null,
stuAge tinyint not null ,
stuSeat tinyint not null,
stuAddress varchar(10) not null,
ch tinyint,
math tinyint
);
insert into stu values ('s25301','张秋丽','',18,1,'北京',80,null);
insert into stu values ('s25302','李文才','',31,3,'上海',77,76);
insert into stu values ('s25303','李斯文','',22,2,'北京',55,82);
insert into stu values ('s25304','欧阳俊雄','',28,4,'天津',null,74);
insert into stu values ('s25305','诸葛丽丽','',23,7,'河南',72,56);
insert into stu values ('s25318','争青小子','',26,6,'天津',86,92);
insert into stu values ('s25319','梅超风','',23,5,'河北',74,67);
insert into stu values ('s25320','Tom','',24,8,'北京',65,67);
insert into stu values ('s25321','Tabm','',23,9,'河北',88,77);
/*stuinfo测试数据*/
create table stuinfo
(
stuNo char(6) primary key,
stuName varchar(10) not null,
stuSex char(2) not null,
stuAge tinyint not null ,
stuSeat tinyint not null,
stuAddress varchar(10) not null
);
insert into stuinfo values ('s25301','张秋丽','',18,1,'北京');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25302','李文才','',31,3,'上海');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25303','李斯文','',22,2,'北京');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25304','欧阳俊雄','',28,4,'天津');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25305','诸葛丽丽','',23,7,'河南');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25318','争青小子','',26,6,'天津');
insert into stuinfo values ('s25319','梅超风','',23,5,'河北');
/*stuMarks测试数据*/
create table stuMarks
(
examNo char(7) primary key,
stuNo char(6) not null ,
writtenExam int,
labExam int
);
insert into stumarks values ('s271811','s25303',80,58);
insert into stumarks values ('s271813','s25302',50,90);
insert into stumarks values ('s271815','s25304',65,50);
insert into stumarks values ('s271816','s25301',77,82);
insert into stumarks values ('s271819','s25318',56,48);
insert into stumarks values ('s271820','s25320',66,77);